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【SpringBoot】单元测试实战演示及心得分享
从测试用例到技巧,详解在实战中如何进行springboot的单元测试
目录
1.指定测试标准
单元测试会用到mock和junit的内容,作者前文有详解,可移步:
1.1.测哪一层?
以当前后端标准的MVC分层来说,后端代码分为controller、service、dao三层。首先我们要先确定这三层里面去测试哪一层?单元测试的核心目的是什么:
覆盖业务代码
按标准的来说的话controller层是系统对外暴露的API,这一层级只负责做一些请求和参数的处理;service层用来编写具体的业务逻辑;dao层负责与数据库进行交互。所以我们应该测service层。
1.2.如何判断测试是否通过?
测试的输出结果和我们期望的输出结果是一致的,测试就通过了。怎么判断喃?
用Assert断言
Assert不要到处去用,在测试用例的最后用它来判断一下输出结果是不是期望值即可。
1.3.mock掉哪些内容?
mock我们主要拿来干两件事儿:
-
mock掉对数据库的操作,避免引起数据的改动,也就是说要mock掉dao层的方法
-
mock掉没办法达到的地方,比如有些地方不影响代码逻辑,但是在测试的时候不好造出来,这些不可达的地方可以mock掉。
mock我们要mock两种情况:
-
mock返回值
-
mock行为
mock返回值,比如:
Train train = new Train();
String id = UUID.randomUUID() + "";
train.setKeyId(id);
when(trainDao.getDetail(any(Train.class))).thenReturn(train);
mock行为有些时候是主动的,我们想去定义实体的具体行为,有时候是被动的,比如要mock的dao方法没有返回值该,我们就只能通过去mock行为来使得它不去操作数据库,反正核心就是不让它去操作数据库。
比如以下方法:
void trainDetailDao.updateList(XXX)
用doAnswer去mock它的响应:
@Test
public void modifyTrainDetails(){
TrainDetailList trainDetails = new TrainDetailList();
TrainDetail trainDetail = new TrainDetail();
trainDetail.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+"");
trainDetails.add(trainDetail);
doAnswer(invocation -> {
List<TrainDetail> trainDetailList = (List<TrainDetail>) invocation.getArguments()[0];
Assert.assertEquals(trainDetails.getItems(), trainDetailList);
return trainDetails;
}).when(trainDetailDao).updateList(any());
trainDetailBaseSvr.modifyTrainDetails("",trainDetails);
}
2.设计测试用例
一个接口只需要一个测试用例吗?有时候是不够的。
衡量对一个接口的单元测试是不是到位了,核心指标是看它的分支覆盖率。代码种的一个方法里面有些时候会存在一些选择分支(带判断性质的语句),我们设计测试用例的时候要考虑覆盖掉所有分支。
最好的办法就是画个流程图,设计测试用例的时候要覆盖掉所有流程分支,以下以用户买猪肉为一个例子:
灰色的节点就是要mock掉的
细化成流程图,流程图的所有出口就是要覆盖的分支,有几个出口,就应该有几个用例,有几个测试方法:
3.测试集示例
以下是作者在工作中编写的一个测试集用例,演示了一个简单的对增删改查方法的覆盖。里面演示了如何覆盖有返回值的方法和没有返回值的方法。
这里有几个技巧分享一下:
首先是要mock掉dao层的话,我们就要把service里面依赖的dao换成mock出来的dao,这里需要用反射的方式强行访问到service里面的dao,然后把它替换掉。其次mock掉dao层之后直接new service就行,完全不需要用到自动注入,也就是不需要用到IOC,也就不需要用到@RunWith(XXX.class) @SpringBootTest(classes = XXX.class)之类的注解来启动SpringBoot了。这样跑测试用例的时候,省去了启动时间,会快很多。
public class ExaminationBaseSvrTest extends PropertyControllerBase {
IExaminationBaseSvr examinationBaseSvr;
ExaminationTargetService examinationTargetService;
private ExaminationDao examinationDao;
private IDataDicItemBaseMgeSvr dataDicItemBaseMgeSvr;
private DataDictionaryItemDao dataDictionaryItemDao;
@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception{
examinationBaseSvr = new ExaminationBaseSvr();
Field field = ExaminationBaseSvr.class.getDeclaredField("examinationDao");
Field dataDicItemBaseMgeSvrField = ExaminationBaseSvr.class.getDeclaredField("dataDicItemBaseMgeSvr");
Field dataDictionaryItemDaoField = DataDicItemBaseMgeSvr.class.getDeclaredField("dataDictionaryItemDao");
field.setAccessible(true);
dataDicItemBaseMgeSvrField.setAccessible(true);
dataDictionaryItemDaoField.setAccessible(true);
examinationDao = mock(ExaminationDao.class);
dataDictionaryItemDao=mock(DataDictionaryItemDao.class);
dataDicItemBaseMgeSvr=mock(DataDicItemBaseMgeSvr.class);
field.set(examinationBaseSvr, examinationDao);
dataDicItemBaseMgeSvrField.set(examinationBaseSvr,dataDicItemBaseMgeSvr);
dataDictionaryItemDaoField.set(dataDicItemBaseMgeSvr,dataDictionaryItemDao);
}
@Test
public void addExamination(){
when(examinationDao.insert(any())).thenReturn(1);
Examination examination = new Examination();
examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+"");
Assert.assertEquals(examinationBaseSvr.addExamination("",examination),examination);
}
@Test
public void addExcaminations(){
ExaminationList examinations = new ExaminationList();
Examination examination = new Examination();
examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+"");
examinations.add(examination);
doAnswer(invocation -> {
List<Examination> examinationList = (List<Examination>)invocation.getArguments()[0];
Assert.assertEquals(examinationList,examinations.getItems());
return 1;
}).when(examinationDao).insertList(any());
examinationBaseSvr.addExaminations("",examinations);
}
@Test
public void modifyExamination(){
when(examinationDao.update(any())).thenReturn(1);
Examination examination = new Examination();
examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+"");
Assert.assertEquals(examinationBaseSvr.modifyExamination("",examination),examination);
}
@Test
public void modifyExaminations(){
ExaminationList examinations = new ExaminationList();
Examination examination = new Examination();
examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+"");
examinations.add(examination);
doAnswer(invocation -> {
List<Examination> examinationList = (List<Examination>)invocation.getArguments()[0];
Assert.assertEquals(examinationList,examinations.getItems());
return 1;
}).when(examinationDao).updateList(examinations.getItems());
examinationBaseSvr.modifyExaminations("",examinations);
}
@Test
public void deleteExamination(){
Examination examination = new Examination();
examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+"");
when(examinationDao.update(any())).thenReturn(1);
when(examinationDao.getDetail(any())).thenReturn(examination);
Assert.assertEquals(examinationBaseSvr.deleteExamination("",examination.getKeyId(),false),1);
}
@Test
public void deleteExaminations(){
ExaminationList examinations = new ExaminationList();
Examination examination = new Examination();
examination.setKeyId(UUID.randomUUID()+"");
examinations.add(examination);
doAnswer(invocation -> {
List<Examination> examinationList = (List<Examination>)invocation.getArguments()[0];
Assert.assertEquals(examinationList,examinations.getItems());
return 1;
}).when(examinationDao).updateList(any());
examinationBaseSvr.deleteExamination("",examinations,false);
}
}
4.跑测试集
测试类写完之后,类名旁边有一个run的图标,点击即可跑整个测试集。其中有普通的run以及带覆盖率报告的run:
选择带覆盖率的run之后会显示覆盖率:
相看类里面具体是哪些代码段被覆盖了,可以在跑完测试集后进入具体的被测试类,代码行旁边会有颜色条,绿色表示被cover的内容:
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